Viva Mariachi - Week 50

Hello & Welcome Back!  Before we get started, I want to wish everyone "Happy Holidays!"  I also want to apologize for the erratic blogging and posting these past few weeks.  With the holidays upon us and all the year end performances, the blog has suffered.  But do not fear, I am still writing and posting, so please bear with me as we get through this busy season!

A special shout out to Afghanistan this week, thank you for joining in on my blog-dancing journey.  This week's topic is Mariachi.  I haven't really gone into the details of mariachi throughout the course of the blog yet.  I've mentioned briefly performing with them, the charro attire, and that it originated in Jalisco.  That's pretty much the extent of it thus far.  Truth is, you can't get too far into the world of folklorico without coming into contact with mariachi!  It's a wonder how this topic hasn't been addressed until now!  We are already at week 50, so lets not delay any further!
 

The term "mariachi" is diverse and can be used to refer to:  the type of a music style, a group of musicians that play mariachi music or music set and/or arranged for mariachi musicians to perform, or just one musician. So, how is the term defined?  Wikipedia explains:

"Mariachi is a form of folk music from Mexico.  Mariachi began as a regional style called "Son Jaliscience" in the center west of Mexico originally played only with string instruments and musicians dressed in the white pants and shirts of peasant farmers.  From the 19th and 20th century, migrations from rural areas into cities such as Guadalajara and Mexico City, along with the Mexican government's cultural promotion gradually re-labeled it as Son style, with its alternate name of "mariachi" becoming used for the "urban" form.  Modifications of the music include influences from other music such as polkas and waltzes, the addition of trumpets and the use of the charro outfits by mariachi musicians.  The musical style began to take on national prominence in the first half of the 20th century, with its promotion at presidential inaugurations and on the radio in the 1920s."
 

The size of Mariachi groups depends upon the availability of musicians.  Similar to the world of folklorico dancers, many mariachi musicians go from group to group to group.  Meaning, they'll perform with this group under this name today and then perform with a different group under a different name tomorrow.  Although some musicians stick to performing with the same group all the time.  Typically groups consist of as many as eight violins, two trumpets and at least one guitar; however, it is common to see up to three guitars.  Mexican folk harp is another instrument that you may see in the ensemble.  As far as the guitars are concerned there is the vihuela, a high pitched round-backed guitar which provides the rhythm, and the guitarron, which provides bass and rhythm. All the instruments are Mexican variations of European instruments.  Vocals are often provided by various musicians in the ensemble, taking turns singing lead.
 

As far as the term "mariachi" itself, Wikipedia states this about its origins:

"The word Mariachi was thought to have been derived from the French word mariage ('marriage'), dating from the French Intervention in Mexico in the 1860s, related to the music's appearance at weddings.  This was a common explanation on record jackets and travel brochures.  This theory was disproved with the appearance of documents that showed that the word existed before this invasion.

The origin of the word is still in dispute but most of the prominent theories attribute it to indigenous roots.  One states that it comes from the name of the wood from which the dance platform is made. Another states that mariachi comes from the indigenous name of a tree called pilla or cirimo; yet another states that it came from an image locally called Maria H (pronounced Mari-Ache)."
 

Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitian is recognized as the oldest and most famous of all the mariachi ensembles. It was founded by Gaspar Vargas in the late 1890s.  The ensemble tours throughout the world.  I have personally seen them twice, once at the San Manuel Casino in San Bernardino and the other time at Mariachi USA at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.  Herencia uses many of their musical arrangements to dance to.  

There are many, many groups out there.  Some of the other famous groups are Mariachi Sol de Mexico, Mariachi Los Camperos and Mariachi Divas, just to name a few.  Many groups have received Grammy recognition.  Recently I had the privilege of dancing the Jarabe Tapatio at a private event with Mariachi Los Camperos.  I have also had the pleasure of meeting and performing with several other mariachi over the past couple years.  It's always a highlight at any performance to dance with live mariachi. A personal observation I've made from performing with live mariachi is that they often speed up the tempo of the music during live performances.  I think they enjoy seeing the dancers sweat!
 

In addition to Mariachi groups, there are several individuals that have gained fame and stardom as mariachi musicians and singers.  It would be impossible to list them all.  In the United States, most people have heard of Vicente Fernandez, he is perhaps the most popular and recognized entertainer here.  A couple other names often mentioned are Jose Alfredo Jimenez - a great composer, and Javier Solis.  I recommend all my readers to spend some time to familiarize themselves with the music and people and groups associated with it.

Mariachi music is performed all over at all kinds of events.  Musicians are often expected to take and play requests, requiring the musicians to know hundreds of songs in their repertoire.  You can see them perform at festivals, fairs, religious celebrations, Catholic Mass, weddings, parties, Quinceaneras, and for private serenades - only to name a few places.  As I've mentioned in several of my blogs already, folklorico is part of the California culture.  Since folklorico and mariachi go hand in hand, the same can be said for mariachi music - it's part of the Californian culture.
 

Here in the Los Angeles area, several restaurants have drawn clientele by providing Mariachi entertainment for guests while they enjoy delicious Mexican cuisine. Sometimes they even have folklorico dancers accompany them for the shows.  Some of the local favorites include Casa Sanchez, La Fonda, Guadalajara Grill, Fiesta Mexicana, Pancho Villa's and La Paz.  The Sunday Mariachi champagne brunch is another favorite event Southern California's enjoy. And on weekend nights, it's always fun to go with a group of friends and watch the shows while enjoying drinks from the bar. Salute!  I have personally danced at Fiesta Mexicana Restaurant with the Mariachi there!  It was an unforgettable experience.  Richard and Herencia Mexicana was the resident dancers for Pancho Villa Mexican Restaurant for over four years.  You can still see them in the television commercials for the restaurant today.  Head over to the Pancho Villa's Mexican Grill & Entertainment website and view them!
 

In Los Angeles you will also find the Mariachi Plaza (Boyle Heights, specifically) that has gained much popularity for the mariachi that gather there and are for hire.  I have spoke of this landmark on several occasions during the course of my blog and look forward to performing there one day.  And yes, I'll blog about it and post pictures when that happens!  I believe it will very soon!

Another local event of great fame is the Mariachi USA concerts that happen at the Hollywood Bowl and are televised.  Visit Mariachi USA on their website or on Facebook to get all the information and updates for future events.  I attended the show this year for my first time.  Hopefully one day I'll go and see Richard perform there!  In addition to the concert at the Bowl, there are other events that take place in Las Vegas and a new one for 2014 in Cochella Valley!  You can also check out Mariachi USA Radio and enjoy the music 24/7!

What we see today of mariachi and the music is a modern development.  Wikipedia state this:

"The common perception of the music and look of mariachi developed in the 20th century, as the music was transformed from the regional folk music to an urban phenomenon that came to represent Mexico.  The music was first introduced in Mexico City in 1905."
 

So how did Jalisco become known as the birthplace? From my reading the origins of mariachi come from a variety of areas within Mexico.  Jalisco was very popular for the son style called son Jaliscience.  The song "La Negra" is among the most famous.  Son music featured string instruments and was divided into various regional varieties. Wikipedia states this as to origin:

"The distinction of mariachi from the older son Jaliscience occurred slowly sometime during the 19th century. The music originated in the center-west of Mexico.  Most claims for its origin lie in the state of Jalisco but neighboring states of Colima, Nayarit, and Michoacan have also claimed it.  However, by the late 19th century, the music was firmly centered in Jalisco.  Most legends put the origin of the modern mariachi in the town of Cocula, Jalisco."
 

As I wrap this week up, I want to touch on one last topic.  That topic being dance of course! Wikipedia says this:

"Mariachi's beginning as a son meant that it was originally a form of dance music and dancing is still important to mariachi.  The most common dance technique found with mariachi is zapateado, a kind of footwork from Spain with pounding movements into a raised platform that often provides the percussion rhythm of mariachi and son music.  The dance performed varies by region.  Another dance style associated with both son and mariachi is jarabe, including the Jarabe Tapatio or Mexican Hat Dance."
 

Although mariachi music is Mexican folk music, I see a growing trend of mariachi groups removing the dance element from live shows.  It has been expressed that dancers upstage the mariachi and people focus on the dancers more than the musicians.  How sad.  The two are one, but more and more I see mariachi and folklorico being separated, although the dancers still perform to mariachi music. Dancing always adds to a show in my opinion.  I think that we need to set aside any barriers and have more shows with both being represented.   That's my opinion anyway.

That's it folks!  Viva Mariachi!  Come back next week for Viva Navidad!  Until then, Wedo out!

Contact Information for "The Big Wedo":

Google E-mail: onebigwedo@gmail.com
Facebook: One Big Wedo (Guero)
Twitter: Michael Smith @onebigwedo
Blogger: www.onebigwedo.blogspot.com

Contact Information for Ballet Folklorico de Herencia Mexicana:

Richard Solorzano, Director: (909) 201-1957
Facebook: Herencia Mexicana
E-Mail: Bf_herencia_mexicana@yahoo.com
 Note: Looking for your own adventure or journey? Herencia is a great place to find one!  Folklorico lessons and performances are both available. Herencia Mexicana performs for private & public events of all kinds. Book your event today! Herencia Mexicana welcomes new students. No previous folklorico or dance experience required.  All are welcome.

 

 

A Look Ahead - Week 49

Hello Everybody!  Welcome back!  One Big Wedo is on the verge of 8100 page views!  I am blown away that so many folks have discovered and are following the blog.  Thank you!  A special welcome to Malta this week for joining the blog!  Keep spreading the word out there and let's see how big this blog can grow! Are we friends on Facebook yet?  Join me on Facebook at "One Big Wedo - Guero" for all things Grand Wedo!  You won't miss a beat.

This week's blog presents a bit of a challenge as I really don't know what to write about.  Oh dear, a dilemma!  As I review my pages of notes and ideas, I can see that I've managed to incorporate all my topics of desire into my blog effectively.  Wow, how'd that happen?  Don't worry, the next three weeks are already plotted, leaving this week open.  I wanted to do a Flaming Folklorico Part 2, but my party hasn't happened yet.  I'll have to do that in 2014 sometime.  If you're not familiar with what a "Flaming Folklorico" is, refer to week 24's post.  If you want to host a Flaming Folklorico party, send me an email and maybe we can make it happen!  Of course, One Big Wedo will come and serve up the drinks himself.  We can all suffer together.
 

2014 is right around the corner which means the 2014 season of Herencia Mexicana is at hand.  This week I began an aggressive attack on the 2014 schedule.  Unlike in years past, this year we are practicing and performing right up to the end of the year.  Typically Herencia has taken the holidays off.  So preparations for the new year are happening amongst all the chaos.  And 2014 is shaping up to be a biggie!  Lights, Cameras, Action!  2014 here we come!

In October, we secured a new studio in Covina to practice at!  It has a great hourly rate which provides a huge cost savings.  Now our members in the Los Angeles area have a new home to practice at which is conveniently located near the 10 and 210 freeways.  

Also In October, we learned that a practice location in San Bernardino at the National Orange Show Art Gallery was finally going to happen.  It took us nearly a year to secure the spot.  Thanks to Ishmael Nunez's donation from my Blog Logo Contest winnings, we were able to start up a folklorico program in San Bernardino at our new location!  You can read more about my logo contest on weeks 28 and 36!  We were able to slash our monthly dues in half because of all the cost savings!  That's great news for everyone, we all like saving money!  Now students only pay $20 per month to be part of Herencia.  And we still provide the performing costumes!  That's an incredible deal.  If anyone is searching for a group to belong to, join Herencia Mexicana.  We have a lot of fun together and we're affordable.

In November, we started a Thursday night beginner's group that meets from 7 pm to 9 pm.  On Sundays, we have our performing group rehearsals back to back - first in Covina from 2pm to 4pm and then in San Bernardino from 5pm to 7pm. Busy, busy!  In anticipation of the new year, I've been sending out email notices to our regular show venues and sponsors letting them know we are booking shows and setting up our 2014 calendar.  I've also been scouting new venues to perform at in 2014.  I feel the group is exciting about some of the new performance possibilities!

There are many, many appealing venues out there.  A couple new ones we are looking at are Knotts Berry Farm and Six Flags Magic Mountain.  Of course, Herencia would also like to participate in The Community Arts Showcase at Disneyland during the summer too.  Our dancers also enjoyed the shows at Olvera Street, The LA County Fair and Riverside's Day of the Dead Festival and Festival of Lights, so we will probably return to those events again.  It also looks like we will be returning to Denver, Colorado in June for another series of shows! Yes, 2014 is shaping up nicely!

In addition to venues, I've been scouting sponsors and writing letters requesting support for advertising and new costumes.  We would like to add the regions of Colima, Michoacan, Yucatan, Aguascalientes and Guerrero to our show repertoire in 2014 which means a lot of new costumes to make.  We need to replace some of our existing costumes too!  It's going to be a year of big investment into costumes.  Let the fundraising begin!  Of course Herencia accepts donations too, big or small - anything helps.  Shoot me an email if you would like to contribute. One area of need is garment bags.
 

I've also been starting a Facebook Ad campaign to increase group membership.  The group has fluctuated in membership and we would like to have a group with 40 to 60 regular, consistent members.  So I've been busy spreading the word out there.  It seems to be working because we're up! I think the new reduced rate has sparked a lot of interest.  Starting in January, Herencia is going to host some classes for interested dancers to come and try us out.  But there's no need to wait, we practice every week. The best time to start is now.  As I read this week on Facebook, "A year from now you will wish you had started today." So again I say "The best time to start is now", don't delay!

Next on my list of tasks is to print up an official practice schedule for 2014 for both the beginners class and the performance group practices.  We are also ordering standardized group practice shirts and group performance shirts which are worn to all performances.  Richard also has the new Directors Award program which is given to one dancer per year.  The award is given to the dancer of his choice and they receive a Herencia Letterman jacket.

Of course all this is just planning.  It's good to have a plan; however, as I read earlier this week, "A plan is just your wish list"!  That is so true.  And if there is one thing I've learned about folklorico and groups, it's that things rarely ever happen as planned.  Something always changes.  The grey hairs on my chin are proof of that!

So what about the Big Wedo?  What's happening to the blog in 2014?  The blog was a one year weekly commitment.   I've tossed around several ideas, even an official season two of the blog, but I've concluded that there will not be any official season two.  This has been a huge undertaking folks! Much more work than anticipated, but completely worth it. I've enjoyed my time with you.  And I'm not going to let the blog just die!  I've invested too much into it for that to happen.  I'm going to continue writing posts in 2014 but on no set deadline.  The requirement of one a week is too much, especially now with all my added group responsibilities.  So as big things happen or inspiration strikes, I will be writing about it and posting it on the blog.  It's not an official season two, its just updates at random.

My special guest posts never happened.  I approached several people about it and they seemed interested in doing it, but they never followed through.  So I continue to do this work alone.  That's ok, I don't mind.

What about the Wedo dancing?  Yes, I will be dancing in 2014 too.  I have made a commitment to dance another year.  My main focus will remain on Herencia Mexicana, even more so now with all the changes.  Which means I'll probably be cutting back some with other groups.  I say that, but reality will tell the true story if that happens or not.  I enjoy performing, so when opportunities knock, I'm usually quick to say "YES"!  But as Herencia Mexicana grows, I will need to channel my attention on it more so than in the past.  

All the practicing has taken its toll on the body too.  I'm at an all time low weight of 192.  Which is fine, but I feel like I could break cause I am so fragile!  There no meat on these bones.  And where there is, it has shifted to all the wrong places!  I'm approaching 40 people!  For the first time in my life, I actually feel and look my age.  It's kind of a bummer.  The dancing has kept this Wedo moving that's for sure. Even so, I'm feelin it!  Plus, I've noticed the younger generation refers to me as "sir" now.  It's better than "Mame" I suppose, but it makes you feel old. 

It's exciting to see the group growing!  There is a lot of potential for its future.  I'm so honored to be part of it.  Yes indeed, things are looking up for Herencia!
 

In other news, this week we had our promotional booth for Herencia, sponsored by Jarritos soda!  It was a good event and we gained a lot of exposure and interest.  We may even have a show for May booked from it!  That's always a good thing!  Plus we earned some money for costumes!  Right after the event ended, it was off to LA to buy more material and accessories for upcoming shows.  One big expense was the lace fabric for the replacement of the Veracruz shawls.  I had no idea that "bridal" fabric cost so much.  I found a nice one for $25 a yard! We needed 25 yards so that one was out of the question.  We found another nice one for a bit cheaper.  That's just the cost for the fabric, now comes the cost in sewing.  All this work is for our upcoming shows in Riverside and at Disney.
 

On Saturday we had a last minute show for Los Angeles area Foster Kids.  It went well and the kids loved it.  You can come on out and see us on Saturday December 14th for the Riverside Festival of Lights at 7 pm sharp on the main stage!  Or you can come on out on December 21st or 22nd to Disney California Adventure for one of our six shows on the Paradise Gardens stage.  These are our last shows for 2013.  Don't worry, Knotts Berry Farm is coming up in the spring!  You won't have to wait too long to see us again!
 

That's it for this week!  Next weeks blog is called "Viva Mariachi!" Make sure to come back and check it out.  Later folks, Wedo out!

Contact Information for "The Big Wedo":

Google E-mail: onebigwedo@gmail.com
Facebook: One Big Wedo (Guero)
Twitter: Michael Smith @onebigwedo
Blogger: www.onebigwedo.blogspot.com

Contact Information for Ballet Folklorico de Herencia Mexicana:

Richard Solorzano, Director: (909) 201-1957
Facebook: Herencia Mexicana
E-Mail: Bf_herencia_mexicana@yahoo.com
 

Note: Looking for your own adventure or journey? Herencia is a great place to find one!  Folklorico lessons and performances are both available. Herencia Mexicana performs for private & public events of all kinds. Book your event today! Herencia Mexicana welcomes new students. No previous folklorico or dance experience required.  All are welcome.
 

 

 

Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sonora & Zacatecas - Week 48

 

Hello & Welcome!  Puerto Rico and Vietnam joined the blog this week, a very special welcome to all of you! This week we are going to explore five states of Mexico and highlight some of the regional dancing and specific dances that accompany them.  But before we get started, I want to thank Jarritos Soda for their generous donation to Herencia Mexicana.  On Thursday, I had the pleasure of driving into the city of Los Angeles to pick up the donation of soda for an upcoming event to promote the group. Jarritos anyone?  Here are some pictures of my trip:

You just never know where a folklorico journey may lead you!  I never anticipated all that I have gotten to experience because of folklorico!  Wow!  Here is another experience I got to have, after a practice with his daughter, this proud father took me on a ride on his Harley!  Go biker Wedo! The trip put the fear of God in me let me tell you!  It's something I'll never forget!  Hold Up!  Is that Richard too?  Yes folks, believe it!  Even Richard let his hair down and went for a ride.  Next up, roller coasters!
 

This week Herencia received this certificate of recognition from the Riverside Dia de Los Muertos celebration event.  Over 12,000 people attended the event this year!  That's awesome! Check it out:
 

You can see us again in Riverside on December 14th downtown at The Festival of Lights at 7:00 pm on the main stage.  If you missed us last time, this is a good opportunity to come see us!
 

Something I learned this week about folklorico is, in addition to regional dances and dance forms from the various states, you also have period dances and dance forms.  One such period is the Revolutionary period.  These dances may be performed by several different regions/states as they are not specific to any one state and they come with their own special costume.  So, that adds to the complexity of understanding and classifying folklorico dances.  The deeper you investigate this art, the more you find out.  Oh my, it never ends! I've barely scratched the surface! Gotta love it!

So let's get going, first up is Aguascalientes!  Here is what Wikipedia states about the state of Aguascalientes:

"Aguascalientes, officially Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes (literally: Hot Waters), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.  It is divided in 11 municipalities and its capital city is Aguascalientes. 

It is in North-Central Mexico.  It is bordered by the states of Zacatecas to the north and Jalisco to the south.  Its name means "hot waters" in Spanish and  originated from the abundance of hot springs in the area, the corresponding demonym for the state and its inhabitants is hidrocalido.

The state is located about 480 km (300 miles) from Mexico City.  It covers 5,471 square kilometers (2,112 sq miles) and has a little more than one million inhabitants. Most of its inhabitants live in the densely populated metropolitan area of its capital city.

The state as it is now was created on October 27, 1857 when it was separated from Zacatecas after the tale says that the wife of the governor of the state promised to give a kiss to the President of the time, in exchange for the separation of Aguascalientes from Zacatecas, which explains the shape of a kiss the state has.  It bears the name Aguascalientes taken from its largest city and capital also called Aguascalientes."
 

As far as the regional dancing is concerned, perhaps the most famous and recognized dance from this region is called "Pelea de Gallos".  The state of Aguascalientes is known for its cockfighting, hence the battle between the roosters during the dance.  Roosters are often embroidered on the costuming for both the men and women. Serapes are used to give the effect of wings flapping during the dance. The winning rooster wins the hen and boasts in his victory.
 

Other than this common information, I found very little written in English about the regional dancing. A perfect opportunity for a maestra or maestro of dance to write and detail the region.  Wikipedia has an interesting article called "Folk Dance of Mexico" that highlights some of the tribal folk dance forms as well as folklorico dances.  For Aguascalientes, however, it only shared the tribal dances. When I searched the web, most information was written in Spanish and there were several dance videos from the region that came up.  You should watch some of them sometime.

Next we will visit Nayarit!  Here's what our friends at Wikipedia have to say about Nayarit:

"Nayarit, officially Free and Sovereign State of Nayayrit, is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.  It is divided in 20 municipalities and its capital city is Tepic.

It is located in Western Mexico.  It is bordered by the states of Sinaloa to the northwest, Durango to the north, Zacatecas to the northeast and Jalisco to the south.  To the west, Nayarit has a significant share of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.

Besides the mainland, the islands Marias, Isabel, Tres Marietas and Farallon La Pena in the Pacific Ocean are part of its territory.

Nayarit contains hundreds of miles of rain forest in the sierra.  Its wildlife includes jaguars, mountain lions, wild bears, deer, caymans, armadillos, small wild cats and many more species.  Unfortunately most of the rain forest has been exploited, especially around the region of Santa Maria Del Oro.  The conservation and protection of the rain forest and wildlife of Nayarit is an issue of crucial importance."
 

The Houston Institute for Culture states this about Nayarit folklorico:

"Nayarit:  This is a small southwestern state which was once part of Jalisco.  The men wear the traditional white shirt under a colored shirt that is tied in the front and white pants with bandannas on their head.  The women dress in a small flower print ranchera style outfit and use a Huichol fan instead of a rebozo or shawl like the Jalisco women wear.  Interesting to this state is the dance of the machetes, where men dance clanging and tossing their machetes to the point of making sparks.  This is done while women dance through an arch of clanging machetes.  This dance is originally of Moorish influence, originating when Spain was conquered by the Moors.  The Moors influenced not only the music (compare Spanish falsetto to Arab falsetto) but also the appearance of Spaniards as they introduced the olive skin and dark hair and eyes into the European bloodlines.   The women dance in the flamenco style with their arms held high, arched upper back, low side bends and twists, coy shoulder shrugs and saucy head tilts.  There is also a Mexican folk dance honoring St. James that is in reference to a battle with Moors."
 

Next up, Oaxaca!  Here is the Wikipedia information:

"Oaxaca, officially Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca, is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.  It is divided into 571 municipalities; of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of Unos y Costumbres (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self governance.  Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juarez.

It is located in Southwestern Mexico.  It is bordered by the states of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, Chiapas to the east.  To the south, Oaxaca has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean.

The state is best known for its indigenous people's and cultures.  The most numerous and best known are the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, but there are sixteen that are officially recognized.  These cultures have survived better than most others in Mexico due to the state's rugged and isolating terrain.  Most live in the Central Valleys region, which is also an important area for tourism, attracting people for its archaeological sites such as Monte Alban, native culture and crafts.  Another important tourist area is the coast, which has the major resort of Huatulco.  Oaxaca is also one of the most biologically diverse states in Mexico, ranking in the top three, along with Chiapas and Veracruz, for a number of reptiles, amphibians, mammals and plants.

The name of the state comes from the name of its capital city, Oaxaca.  The name comes from the Nahuatl word "Huaxyacac", which refers to a tree called a "guaje" found around the capital city.  The name was originally applied to the Valley of Oaxaca by Nahuatl speaking  Aztecs and passed on to the Spanish during the conquest of the Oaxaca region.  The modern state was created in 1824, and the state seal was designed by Alfredo Canseco Feraud and approved by the government of Eduardo Vasconcelos."
 

One interesting article I read online was from Gourmet.com archives and written by Elisabeth Lambert Ortiz.  The article is called "Oaxaca" and was originally published in December 1977.  In the article she shares her trip to Oaxaca and a little bit about the culture she encountered and the food. Worth the read, check it out.  Another article I recommend can be found on Oaxacadream.com under the articles for Casa Machaya Oaxaca Bed & Breakfast. The article is called "Nuptials and baptism in rural Oaxaca:  The mandate of tradition".  This article was an interesting read and detailed the account of one event in a style similar to how I blog about my experiences.  Take a look!

The Mexican Folkloric Dance Company Of Chicago states "Oaxaca is the home of the Zapoteca and Mixteca indigenous people.  It is also where some of the finest expressions of mestizo culture can be found.  The most important display of dancing, that celebrates the seven regions of Oaxaca, takes place on the last two Mondays of July near the city of Oaxaca in a festival called La Guelaguetza (Zapotec: offering)."

Recently I was asked why I spend so much time sharing geography and state history in my blog about dancing.  Well, by understanding the geography and the characteristics of the landscape that are attached to it, you begin to gain understanding and the correlation between the regional dances and the state.  Plus many of the regional dances cross state boundaries and therefore it's good to know where the states are in relation to each other.  I'm hoping that readers understand now why a dance like La Iguana is danced in Veracruz, and so on. The more familiar you are with the surroundings, the deeper your understanding. I imagine that folklorico dancers who have had the privilege and opportunity to explore and visit the various states of Mexico have a much deeper rooted foundation and understanding to build their dance experience on. 

The article called "Folk Dance of Mexico" by Wikipedia shares a lot of good information about specific dances under the heading of "Important Dances".  Here is what it says about Oaxaca:

"A large number of dances are performed in Oaxaca, especially along the coast.  These include the Chareos, Danza de la Pluma (the Zapotec version of La Conquista), Danza de las Mascaritas, Tejoneros, Danza del Tigre, Toro de Petate and Danza de Tortuga.

The three most common dances of the coast of Oaxaca and Guerrero are the Devil Dance, the Turtle Dance and the Toro de Petate (Straw Bull Dance), all of which are tied to the area's Afro-Mexican communities. The first three contains characteristics which are found only in this region and nowhere else in Mexico and include violence and even sexual overtures.  The main characters, devils, turtles and bulls represented by those in masks, are mythical creatures which dance in the streets alongside humans who either challenge or subdue them.  Other important Afro-Mexican dances include the Tiger Dance and the Tejorones." 

In addition the popular "Turtle Dance" which as known for being somewhat provocative in depicting the mating rituals of turtles, another dance from Oaxaca is about the folk legend and mythical belief of "La Llorona".  Although it may not be as popular of a dance as others, I mention it because of the folk tale that so many have been fascinated with.  Here is what Wikipedia shares about La Llorona:

"La Llorona (The Weeping Woman) [a.k.a. The Cry]:

Although several variations exist, the basic story tells of a beautiful woman by the name of Maria who drowns her children in order to be with the man she loved.  The man would not have her, which devastated her.  She would not take no for an answer, so she drowned herself in a river in Mexico City.  Challenged at the gates of heaven as to the whereabouts of her children, she is not permitted to enter the afterlife until she has found them. Maria is forced to wander the Earth for all of eternity, searching in vain for her drowned offspring, with her constant weeping giving her the name "La Llorona."  She is trapped in between the living world and the spirit world.

In some versions of this tale and legend, La Llorona will kidnap wandering children who resemble her missing children, or children who disobey their parents.  People who claim to have seen her say she appears at night or in the late evenings from rivers or lakes in Mexico.  Some believe that those who hear the wails of La Llorona are marked for death, similar to the Gaelic banshee legend.  She is said to cry, "Ay, mis hijos!" which translates to, "Oh, my children!"" 

In some Aztec variations of the story, the story is linked to the fall of the Aztec empire as the discovery of the New Spain came into being and consequent demise of indigenous culture.  Other variations of the story also say La Llorona seduces men and them drowns them out of vengeance for her lost love.  Many image depictions of her are in a white wedding dress and veil.  To some, the drownings are a symbolic metaphor for baptism, which is a sacred ritual to Mexicans.

Although there are many costuming options, I want to look at one that has been spoken of in many of the articles I've read.  Perhaps because some find it a bit unusual or dramatic and eccentric.  People love things that are over the top!  Here is how the U.S. National Park Service and the Chamizal National Memorial in Texas describe this Oaxacan wardrobe:

"The sleeveless flowered huipil (tunic) covers a skirt with a broad heavily starched white eyelet flounce around the hem.  Another perfectly matched, pleated flounce frames the face.  The distinctive headdress - called a huipil grande, resplandor or bidaniro - was actually a child's baptismal gown and is worn by the Istmenas, women from the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec."
 

One of the myths I heard behind how the women came about wearing these grand garments on their heads is that the woman of Oaxaca discovered a ship wreck and part of its contents was children's baptismal gowns which were used for head coverings.  Further research of huipil grandes led me to a Wikipedia article on huipils in general with no mention of the baptism gowns.  Nonetheless, the article was interesting and I encourage readers to take a look at it.  

Next up, Sonora!  Let's see what Wikipedia says about this one!  

"Sonora, officially Free and Sovereign State of Sonora, is one of the 31 states that, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.  It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo.  Sonora is located in Northwest Mexico, bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south.  To the north, it shares the U.S.-Mexico border with the states of Arizona and New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share on the coastline of the Gulf of California.

Sonora's natural geography is divided into three parts:  the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state; plains and rolling hills in the center; and the coast on the Gulf of California.  It is primarily arid or semi-arid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation.

Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the Yaqui and the Seri.  It has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef) and mining since the colonial period, and for its status as a border state since the Mexican-American War.  After the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory.  From the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico."

As far as regional dancing from Sonora, I want to focus on just one dance that has gained popularity called Danza del Venado or Deer Dance.  Here is what Wikipedia's Folk Dance of Mexico article states:

"Danza del Venado (Deer Dance) is performed in Sonora and Sinaloa and in the very far south of Arizona by the Yaquis and Mayos.  This dance is most associated with these peoples' Lent and Easter celebrations, when indigenous beliefs mixed with the Catholicism introduced in the 17th and 18th centuries.  The dance is part of ceremonies aimed at the renewal of the world in spring.  Originally the dance was performed at night before hunting to ensure success, but today it is a means to communicate with other worlds.  The deer dancer wears a shawl wrapped as a skirt with a belt traditionally made of deer hooves.  He carries a gourd in each hand and ties rattles to his ankles.  A real or imitation deer head is fastened to his head.  Red ribbons wind around the horns to represent flowers."

Lastly, lets take a look at Zacatecas!  Here is what Wikipedia says about it:

"Zacatecas, officially Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.  It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.

It is located in North-Central Mexico.  It is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosi and Nuevo Leon to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south.

The state of Zacatecas is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican Revolution.  Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism."

Although information about Zacatecas folklorico dancing is limited, I found this description from The Mexican Folk Dance Company of Chicago:

"The company's version of Zacatecas is based on the state's incredible and peculiar musical style: Tamborazo Zacatecano (The Zacatecas Big Drum band). This Wind and percussion instruments band, is reminiscent of European ensembles left behind by the revolutionary movement of 1910. Local authorities in Central and Northern Mexico decided to use these musicians as Sunday entertainment in local town square gazebos.

The repertoire, composed initially of selected classical and semi-classical pieces, gave way to more traditional music, appealing to the taste of the locals. Thus jarabes, sones, polkas and other danceable rhythms became the selections of choice. Soon after, the bands left the gazebos and were booked to play at dances and other social affairs, or to follow a drinking party down the hillside streets of the city.

The gorgeous city of Zacatecas is one of the most treasured reliquaries of Mexico and has been declared Human Cultural Patrimony by UNESCO.

Costumes:  Female costuming for the dance varies from region to region within the state. The women wear the traditional full ruffled calico skirt topped with a matching solid color blouse based on turn of the 20th century French couture. The men wear a pair of cowboy (Charro) pants, a white shirt covered with a dark jacket, tie a bandanna on their heads and a white sash on the waist. All dancing is done by couples and include lots of foot stomping.

La Marcha de Zacatecas - Mexico's Second National Anthem:  In 1891, Genaro Codina composed "La Marcha Aréchiga" in honor of the governor (who then changed the name to Marcha de Zacatecas) and won a bet he had made against his brother in law. However, after the revolution the "Zacatecas March" has become a forced identifier of any civic or commemorative heroic event. It is used in remote villages and large cities to announce the beginning of every activity from a civic assembly to the curtain raiser of a circus function, a starter for a movie theatre show or a school event; and it is recognized by every single Mexican national, as the second national anthem."

We made it!  Five states of Mexico!  There's so much to discover.  Come back next week.  In the mean time, the wedo is out!

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